2. StrutsPortlet Tutorial
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2. StrutsPortlet Tutorial

This section will take you through an example-driven tutorial on how to develop a StrutsPortlet. It is assumed that you have an extension environment installed in a directory called ext. It is also assumed that you will be using Tomcat as the application server.

2.1. Writting a Very Simple Struts Portlet

The goal of this section is to create a Struts Portlet within Liferay.

  1. Define the portlet

    • portlet-ext.xml

    • liferay-portlet-ext.xml

  2. Define the page flow and layout

    • struts-config.xml

    • tiles-defs.xml

  3. Create the JSP

    • view.jsp

Key Concepts

What are the main differences between a JSP Portlet and a Struts Portlet?

  • struts-config.xml

  • tiles-defs.xml

Instead of forwarding directly to a JSP

  • struts-config.xml – define the page flow

  • tiles-defs.xml – define the page layout

Why Use Struts?

  • Struts implements MVC. Although there are other frameworks that implement MVC, Struts is the most widely used and mature technology.

  • What is MVC? MVC separates the presentation code from the business logic code.

  • Struts provides centralized page-flow management in the form of struts-config.xml. This makes it highly scalable and allows you to modularize the coding process.

  • By using Struts, you will be using a number of best practices that have been built into the framework.

Why Use Tiles?

A page layout is typically designed using include statements. If there are 100 JSPs and the header and footer need to be swapped, all 100 JSPs need to be changed. With Tiles, a single template can be used to determine the page layout. Only the template needs to be changed, and all the pages will be updated accordingly.

High Level Overview

  • A URL or URI is passed to the Controller.

  • The Controller determines what page should be displayed.

Example:

How does Liferay determine which JSP is displayed first?

  • Our starting point is portlet-ext.xml view-action

  • Controller MainServlet.java

Detailed View:

Directory Structure

Configuration files are located in this directory: …\ext\ext-web\docroot\WEB-INF

JSPs will be placed in this directory: …\ext\ext-web\docroot\html\portlet\ext

Portlet Definition

Add the following portlet definition to the portlet-ext.xml file:

<portlet>
	<portlet-name>EXT_4</portlet-name>
	<display-name>Library Portlet</display-name>
	<portlet-class>com.liferay.portlet.StrutsPortlet</portlet-class>
	<init-param>
		<name>view-action</name>
		<value>/ext/library/view</value>
	</init-param>
	<expiration-cache>0</expiration-cache>
<supports>	
		<mime-type>text/html</mime-type>
	</supports>
	<resource-bundle>com.liferay.portlet.StrutsResourceBundle</resource-bundle>
	<security-role-ref>
		<role-name>power-user</role-name>
	</security-role-ref>
	<security-role-ref>
		<role-name>user</role-name>
	</security-role-ref>
</portlet>

Next add the following Liferay specific info to liferay-portlet-ext.xml:

<portlet>
	<portlet-name>EXT_4</portlet-name>
	<struts-path>ext/library</struts-path>
	<use-default-template>false</use-default-template>
</portlet>

  • The struts-path is used to implement security.

  • http://localhost:8080/c/portal/layout?p_l_id=PRI.15.1&p_p_id=EXT_4&p_p_action=1&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_pos=5&p_p_col_count=6&_EXT_4_struts_action=%2Fext%2Flibrary%2Fview

  • struts_action=“/ext/library/view”

struts-config.xml

struts-config.xml defines the page flow

<action path="/ext/library/view" forward="portlet.ext.library.view" />

What is /ext/library/view?

portlet-ext.xml:

<init-param>
	<name>view-action</name>
	<value>/ext/library/view</value>
</init-param>

What is portlet.ext.library.view?

It is the forward that is used to look up the tiles definition.

tiles-defs.xml

tiles-defs.xml defines the page layout

<definition name="portlet.ext.library" extends="portlet" />

<definition name="portlet.ext.library.view" extends="portlet.ext.library">
	<put name="portlet_content" value="/portlet/ext/library/view.jsp" />
</definition>

What is portlet.ext.library.view?

  • From struts-config.xml

    <action path="/ext/library/view" forward="portlet.ext.library.view" />
<definition name="portlet.ext.library" extends="portlet" />

<definition name="portlet.ext.library.view" extends="portlet.ext.library">
	<put name="portlet_content" value="/portlet/ext/library/view.jsp" />
</definition>

What is /portlet/ext/library/view.jsp?

For reference: portlet-ext.xml from JSP Portlet Training

	<init-param>
		<name>view-jsp</name>
		<value>/portlet/ext/jsp_portlet/view.jsp</value>
	</init-param>

For the JSP Portlet, the JSP was pointed directly from portlet-ext.xml. For Struts portlets, this is done through tiles-defs.xml

<definition name="portlet.ext.library" extends="portlet" />

<definition name="portlet.ext.library.view" extends="portlet.ext.library">
	<put name="portlet_content" value="/portlet/ext/library/view.jsp" />
</definition>

What is portlet?

Portlet is the template that will be used (portlet.jsp). See …\portal\portal-web\docroot\WEB-INF\tiles-defs.xml for more information.

What is portlet.ext.library?

  • portlet.ext.library extends portlet. This means that portlet.ext.library will use the portlet.jsp as its template.

  • portlet.ext.library.view extends portlet.ext.library. This means that portlet.ext.library.view will also use portlet.jsp for its template.

Create the JSP

The next step is to create the JSP.

  • Create a directory called library here: …\ext\ext-web\docroot\html\portlet\ext

  • Your directory structure should now look like this: …\ext\ext-web\docroot\html\portlet\ext\library

  • Create view.jsp in the library directory: …\ext\ext-web\docroot\html\portlet\ext\library\view.jsp

  • Enter “Simple Struts Portlet!” in view.jsp

Deploy the Files to Tomcat

Once you have finished modifying all of the files, deploy them to Tomcat.

  1. Open up a cmd prompt.

  2. Click Start, Run, and then type cmd.

  3. Navigate to your ext directory and then type ant deploy.

    • …\ext>ant deploy

Check the Tomcat Directory

Verify that the files were deployed to Tomcat.

  1. Go to …\tomcat\webapps\ROOT\WEB-INF and open portlet-ext.xml, liferay-portlet-ext.xml, struts-config-ext.xml, and tiles-defs-ext.xml to check that the files were deployed correctly.

  2. Go to …\tomcat\webapps\ROOT\html\portlet\ext\library and open up view.jsp to see that it was deployed correctly.

Final Steps

  1. Restart Tomcat.

  2. Open up a new browser and type:

    • http://localhost:8080

    • LOGIN: test@liferay.com

    • PASSWORD: test

  3. Click Add Content>Undefined.

  4. Click javax.portlet.title.EXT_4.

Key Concepts

Now that we’ve finished building the framework for our portlet, let’s move on to the next exercise. In this exercise, we will:

  • Create a new file called init.jsp where we will add commonly used variables and declarations.

  • Set the portlet title.

  • Add the portlet to a category.

init.jsp

Create init.jsp in the library directory: …\ext\ext-web\docroot\html\portlet\ext\library\init.jsp

Enter the following in init.jsp:

	<%@ include file="/html/common/init.jsp" %>
	<p>Add commonly used variables and declarations here!</p>

What file are we including with this line?

	<%@ include file="/html/common/init.jsp" %>
…\portal\portal-web\docroot\html\common\init.jsp

This will gives us access to the Liferay tag libraries.

view.jsp

  • Add this line above “Simple Struts Portlet!” in view.jsp:

    <%@ include file="/html/portlet/ext/library/init.jsp" %>
	Simple Struts Portlet!

  • This will give us access to the init.jsp located here:

    …\ext\ext-web\docroot\html\portlet\ext\library\init.jsp

  • Ant deploy. You do not have to restart Tomcat.

  • The following should now be displayed: Add commonly used variables and declarations here! Simple Struts Portlet

Set the Portlet Title

  • Go to Language-ext.properties and add the following line:

    …\ext\ext-ejb\classes\content\Language-ext.properties

    javax.portlet.title.EXT_4=Library

  • Ant deploy and Restart Tomcat.

  • The portlet title will now be “Library.”

Add the Portlet to a Category

  1. Go to liferay-display.xml and add the following line:

    …\ext\ext-web\docroot\WEB-INF\liferay-display.xml 

    	<category name="category.test">
		<portlet id=“EXT_3" />
		<portlet id="EXT_4" />
		...
	</category>

  2. You will now be able to select your portlet from the “Test” category.

Review of <struts-path>

<portlet>
	<portlet-name>EXT_4</portlet-name>
	<struts-path>ext/library</struts-path>
	<use-default-template>false</use-default-template>
</portlet>

Liferay will check the struts-path to check whether a user has the required roles to access the portlet.

Note: When you see the error message: You do not have the required roles to access this portlet.

  1. Check to see that you have defined the roles correctly in portlet-ext.xml.

  2. Check the <struts-path> to see if you have defined it correctly.

2.2. Adding an action

The goal of this section is to add an Action Class to the Struts Portlet and to display an success page.

  1. Define the Action.

    • struts-config.xml

    • tiles-defs.xml

  2. Update existing JSP files.

    • view.jsp

    • init.jsp

  3. Create success and error JSP files.

    • error.jsp

    • Success.jsp

  4. Create Action Class to process submit.

    • AddBookAction.java

Review Key Concepts

What are the main differences between a JSP Portlet and a Struts Portlet?

  • JSP Portlet goes directly to a JSP

  • Struts Portlet has an page flow

Where does the page flow get defined?

  • struts-config.xml – define the page flow

  • tiles-defs.xml – define the page layout

struts-config.xml

struts-config.xml defines the page flow

<action path="/ext/library/view" forward="portlet.ext.library.view" />

Lets add another path to the page flow

<action path="/ext/library/add_book" type="com.ext.portlet.library.action.AddBookAction">
	<forward name="portlet.ext.library.error" path="portlet.ext.library.error" />
	<forward name="portlet.ext.library.success" path="portlet.ext.library.success" />
</action>

What is type?

  • Type is a Struts defined way of passing control to the AddBookAction class.

Lets look at the forward nodes:

<forward name="portlet.ext.library.error" path="portlet.ext.library.error" />
<forward name="portlet.ext.library.success" path="portlet.ext.library.success" />

What is name?

  • It the unique identifier for that forward node.

What is path?

  • This is your link to the tiles-def.xml.

tiles-defs.xml

tiles-defs.xml defines the page layout

<definition name="portlet.ext.library" extends="portlet" />

<definition name="portlet.ext.library.view" extends="portlet.ext.library">
	<put name="portlet_content" value="/portlet/ext/library/view.jsp" />
</definition>

Lets add the error and success paths

<definition name="portlet.ext.library.error" extends="portlet.ext.library">
	<put name="portlet_content" value="/portlet/ext/library/error.jsp" />
</definition>

<definition name="portlet.ext.library.success" extends="portlet.ext.library">
	<put name="portlet_content" value="/portlet/ext/library/success.jsp" />
</definition>

init.jsp

Update init.jsp in the library directory

…\ext\ext-web\docroot\html\portlet\ext\library\init.jsp

Remove the following:

<p>Add commonly used variables and declarations here!</p>

init.jsp should only contain this line:

<%@ include file="/html/common/init.jsp" %>

Review: What does including this file give us?

<%@ include file="/html/common/init.jsp" %>
…\portal\portal-web\docroot\html\common\init.jsp

This will give access to the Liferay tag libraries.

view.jsp

<%@ include file="/html/portlet/ext/library/init.jsp" %>

<br/>
Add a book entry to the Library:
<br/><br/>
<form action="<portlet:actionURL windowState="<%= WindowState.MAXIMIZED.toString() %>"><portlet:param name="struts_action" value="/ext/library/add_book" /></portlet:actionURL>" method="post" name="<portlet:namespace />fm">	
	
	Book Title:
	
	<input name="<portlet:namespace />book_title" size="20" type="text" value=""><br/><br/>
	
	<input type="button" value="Submit" onClick="submitForm(document.<portlet:namespace />fm);">
</form>
<br/>

What does “struts_action” do?

  • Struts_action is the ActionMapping to the struts-config.xml path.

    <action path="/ext/library/add_book" type="com.ext.portlet.library.action.AddBookAction">

  • value="/ext/library/add_book“

    • This is the link to the ActionPath.

  • Review

    What does “struts_action” connect us to?

    It connects us to the struts-config.xml

error.jsp

  • error.jspPath:

    ext-web/docroot/html/portlet/ext/library/error.jsp

  • error.jsp Contents:

    ERROR!

success.jsp

  • success.jsp Path:

    ext-web/docroot/html/portlet/ext/library/success.jsp

  • success.jsp Contents:

    SUCCESS!

AddBookAction.java

  • AddBookAction Class Path:

    ext/ext-ejb/src/com/ext/portlet/library/action/AddBookAction.java

  • AddBookAction Class Contents:

    package com.ext.portlet.library.action;

import javax.portlet.ActionRequest;
import javax.portlet.ActionResponse;
import javax.portlet.PortletConfig;
import javax.portlet.RenderRequest;
import javax.portlet.RenderResponse;

import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForward;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionMapping;
public class AddBookAction extends PortletAction {
public void processAction(
			ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form, PortletConfig config,
			ActionRequest req, ActionResponse res)

		throws Exception {
		
		String bookTitle = req.getParameter("book_title");
		
		if ( null == bookTitle || "".equals(bookTitle) ) {
			setForward(req, "portlet.ext.library.error");
		} else { 	
			setForward(req, "portlet.ext.library.success");
		}
	}

	public ActionForward render(ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form,
		PortletConfig config, RenderRequest req, RenderResponse res)
		throws Exception {
		if (getForward(req) != null && !getForward(req).equals("")) {
			return mapping.findForward(getForward(req));
		} else {
			return mapping.findForward("portlet.ext.library.view");
		}
	}
}

  • Main code:

    String bookTitle = req.getParameter("book_title");
		
if ( null == bookTitle || "".equals(bookTitle) ) {
	setForward(req, "portlet.ext.library.error");
} else { 	
	setForward(req, "portlet.ext.library.success");
}

  • Where does “book_title” come from?

    It comes from to the view.jsp form.

  • What is the if/else statement doing?

    • It is detecting if the book title was submitted.

    • According to the detected state, it sets the forward path.

  • Error forward path:

    if ( null == bookTitle || "".equals(bookTitle) ) {
	setForward(req, "portlet.ext.library.error");
} else { 	
	setForward(req, "portlet.ext.library.success");
}

  • Success forward path:

    if ( null == bookTitle || "".equals(bookTitle) ) {
	setForward(req, "portlet.ext.library.error");
} else { 	
	setForward(req, "portlet.ext.library.success");
}

  • Error and Success forward path is linked to the the path in struts-config.xml:

    <forward name="portlet.ext.library.error" path="portlet.ext.library.error" />
<forward name="portlet.ext.library.success" path="portlet.ext.library.success" />

Struts Action Mapping

Deploy the Files to Tomcat

Once you have finished modifying all of the files, deploy them to Tomcat.

  1. Open up a cmd prompt.

    • Click Start>Run and then type cmd.

  2. Navigate to your ext directory and then type ant deploy.

    • …\ext>ant deploy

Check the Tomcat Directory

Verify that the files were deployed to Tomcat

  • Go to …\tomcat\webapps\ROOT\WEB-INF and open portlet-ext.xml, liferay-portlet-ext.xml, struts-config-ext.xml, and tiles-defs-ext.xml and check to see that the files were deployed correctly.

  • Next, go to …\tomcat\webapps\ROOT\html\portlet\ext\library and open up view.jsp to see that it was deployed correctly.

Final Steps

  1. Restart Tomcat

  2. Open up a new browser and type:

    http://localhost:8080

    LOGIN: test@liferay.com

    PASSWORD: test

Key Concepts

Objectives

Now that we’ve finished redirecting with an action. Lets make the success page display the submitted value.

  • Update success.jsp to display the submitted value.

success.jsp

success.jsp Path:

  • ext-web/docroot/html/portlet/ext/library/success.jsp

success.jsp Contents:

<%@ include file="/html/portlet/ext/library/init.jsp" %>
<%
	String bookTitle = request.getParameter("book_title");
%>
<table align="center" cellspacing="10" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
	<td style="font-weight:bold">Book Title:</td>
	<td><%= bookTitle %></td>
</tr>
</table>

  • Add init.jsp

    <%@ include file="/html/portlet/ext/library/init.jsp" %>

  • This will give us access to the init.jsp located here:

    …\ext\ext-web\docroot\html\portlet\ext\library\init.jsp

  • Get the submitted value

    String bookTitle = request.getParameter("book_title");

  • Display the submitted value in success.jsp

    <%= bookTitle %>

Deploy the Files to Tomcat

Once you have finished modifying success.jsp, deploy it to Tomcat

  1. Open up a cmd prompt.

    • Click Start>Run and then type cmd.

  2. Navigate to your ext directory and then type ant deploy.

    • …\ext>ant deploy

2.3. Conclusion

You've learned how to create a StrutsPortlet using some of the patterns used to create the portlets bundled with Liferay. The next recommended steps are to read the code of those portlets and to look for more information about Struts itself.

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